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A pug impression pad (PIP) is made by preparing a layer of fine soil about 2 cm thick on forest paths so that animals will leave good footprint impressions.〔http://environmentportal.in/node/12698〕〔Singh, L. A. K. (1999): A pocket book for forest guards: Tracking Tigers. WWF Tiger Conservation Programme, New Delhi, 39pp.〕〔Singh, L. A. K. (2000): Tracking Tigers : Guidelines for Estimating Wild Tiger Population Using the Pugmark Technique. (Revised Edition). WWF Tiger Conservation Programme, New Delhi, 38pp.〕 PIPs are widely used in India for the census of tigers.〔Choudhury, S. R. (1970) Let us count our tigers. Cheetal, 12(2), May, 1970: 41-51.〕〔Choudhury, S. R. (1970) The Tiger Tracer. Cheetal, 13(1), October, 1970.〕〔Panwar, H. S. (1979): A note on Tiger Census Technique based on Pugmark Tracings. Indian Forester, Special Issue on International Symposium on Tiger, Feb, 1979:70-77.〕 The first all-India tiger census in 1972 used this technique.〔 ==Use== PIPs are located and sized so that animals using the path will walk over it and leave their spoor without being disturbed. A glass plate, about , called a "tiger tracer"〔 is then used to trace the outline of the pugmark that was left on the PIP. This tracing is then transferred to a protocol where over twenty pieces of information about the PIP, including the habitat, the pugmark, the direction of movement, etc., are recorded. Plaster casts may also be made from the tracks. During 2002, in 71 tiger census units of Simlipal Tiger Reserve, 8946 PIPs were laid over 1773 km of tracking routes, from which 764 pugmark tracings were collected along with 316 plaster casts. The PIPs are created in clusters of 2 or 3 along roads or at junctions of paths in a forest. Each PIP bears an identification number which is used during data analysis. Beginners who wish to develop an interest in animal tracks and signs can create a few PIPs and monitor them daily. PIPs running alongside a garden fence can give a wealth of information through tracks and signs. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pug impression pad」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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